Relations between grapevine replant disease and root colonization of grapevine (Vitis sp.) by fluorescent pseudomonads and endomycorrhizal fungi

In pot experiments cuttings of grapevine rootstock cultivar 5C were grown on a soil from a grapevine nursery affected with replant disease (replant soil) and on a similar soil that had not been planted with grapevines before (non-replant soil). Plants were also inoculated with the vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungus,Glomus mosseae, or left without mycorrhizal fungus inoculation. Shoot and root growth, mycorrhization of roots and numbers of total aerobic bacteria and fluorescent pseudomonads on the rhizoplane of grapevines were determined at several sampling dates. On replant soil, numbers of fluorescent pseudomonads on the rhizoplane were higher compared to non-replant soil, before differences in shoot and root weight between replant and non-replant soil occurred. Without inoculation withG. mosseae, the mycorrhization of roots was much lower on replant soil (13%) than on non-replant soil (51%). On replant soil, inoculation withG. mosseae increased mycorrhization to 39% and increased shoot length, leaf area and shoot weight. The beneficial effect of VA-fungus inoculation on replant soil was not due to increased nutrient concentrations in leaves. On replant soil, the inoculation withG. mosseae reduced the number of fluorescent pseudomonads on rhizoplane of grapevine, while the numbers of total aerobic bacteria were not influenced by inoculation withG. mosseae. These results suggest a direct or indirect role of fluorescent pseudomonads in replant disease of grapevine.     

1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 hybrid analogs with structural changes at both the A-ring and the C,D-ring side-chain

Calcitrol analogs 5, designed to combine two remote structural changes each of which separately produces a sharply different biological profile, have biological activities that are a blending of the effects of each structural change.     

Mapping of two new markers within the smallest interval harboring the spinal muscular atrophy locus by family and radiation hybrid analysis

The locus responsible for the childhood-onset proximal spinal muscular atrophies (SMA) has recently been mapped to an area of 2–3 Mb in the region q12–13.3 of chromosome 5. We have used a series of radiation hybrids (RHs) containing distinct parts of the SMA region as defined by reference markers. A cosmid library was constructed from one RH. Thirteen clones were isolated and five of these were mapped within the SMA region. Both RH mapping and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed that two clones map in the region between loci D5S125 and D5S351. One of the cosmids contains expressed sequences. Polymorphic dinucleotide repeats were identified in both clones and used for segregation analysis of key recombinant SMA families. One recombination between the SMA locus and the new marker 9Ic (D5S685) indicates that 9Ic is probably the closest distal marker. The absence of recombination between the SMA locus and marker Fc (D5S684) suggests that Fc is located close to the disease gene. These new loci should refine linkage analysis in SMA family studies and may facilitate the isolation of the disease gene.     

Plasma membrane block to sperm entry occurs in mouse eggs upon parthenogenetic activation

The ability of parthenogenetically activated mouse eggs to establish a plasma membrane (PM) block to sperm penetration was studied. Zona-free eggs preloaded with Hoechst 33342 were activated by exposure to ethanol or OAG (1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol) and inseminated after different periods. Eggs challenged with sperm at 30- or 60-min postactivation displayed a fertilization frequency significantly lower than that of control eggs. Conversely, when insemination was carried out at 120-min postactivation, the proportion of fertilized eggs was equivalent to that observed in the control group. Moreover, we report that when the eggs were induced to resume meiosis without any notable loss of CGs (egg exposure to OAG at 100 μM external Ca²⁺ or to heat shock), a normal ability to be penetrated was recorded at 30-min postactivation. Similar behaviour was exhibited by eggs that underwent a CG exocytosis close to that triggered by sperm in absence of nuclear activation (microinjection of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate into the egg at 1 μM cytosolic concentration). Present data support the conclusion that parthenogenetically activated mouse eggs are capable of a transitory PM block response that requires both CG exocytosis and meiosis resumption to occur. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Hormonal Modulation of the Cutaneous Initiation of Lordosis in Infant and Adult Rats

The purpose of these experiments is to compare the regional specificity (Experiment 1) and the hormonal modulation (Experiment 2) of the cutaneous initiation of lordosis in 4- to 6-day-old male and female rats (infants) and in 60- to 90-day-old female rats (adults). In Experiment 1, subjects were primed with 100 μg estradiol benzoate (EB) and 0.5 mg progesterone (P) and were denervated on the Waist (dermatomes L1-L3), Midriff (dermatomes T10-L3), Flanks (dermatomes L4-L6), or Sides (dermatomes T10-L6). In infants, there were no significant differences between males and females. Denervation of the Waist. Midriff, or Sides but not of the Flanks significantly decreased the percentage of subjects displaying lordosis, lordosis quotient (LQ), and mean lordosis duration; no significant differences were obtained among Waist-, Midriff-, or Sides-denervated infants. In contrast, denervation of the Sides but not of the Waist significantly decreased LQ and mean lordosis intensity among adults. In Experiment 2, Waist-denervated infants and their surgical Controls were treated either with 100 μg EB and 0.5 mg P or with the oil vehicle; Waist-denervated adults and their surgical Controls received either 100 or 10 μg EB (no P). Regardless of hormone treatment, denervation of the Waist significantly decreased LQ and lordosis duration in infants and decreased LQ and lordosis intensity in adults. In infants, the only effect of priming with EB and P was to increase the percentage of pups showing lordosis and lordosis duration among the surgical Controls. In contrast, priming with 100 μg EB significantly increased the percentage of rats displaying lordosis, LQ, and lordosis intensity among Waist-denervated adults. These data suggest that cutaneous input from the Waist is important for eliciting lordosis in both infant and adult rats, and that the importance of this input is modulated by hormone priming in adult but not infant rats.     

The agony of choice: Impact of the host animal species on the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay performance for host cell protein quantification

Host cell proteins (HCPs) are inevitable process-related impurities in biotherapeutics commonly monitored by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Of particular importance for their reliable detection are the anti-HCP polyclonal antibodies (pAbs), supposed to detect a broad range of HCPs. The present study focuses on the identification of suitable host animal species for the development of high-performance CHO-HCP ELISAs, assuming the generation of pAbs with adequate coverage and specificity. Hence, antibodies derived from immunization of sheep, goats, donkeys, rabbits, and chickens were compared concerning their amount of HCP-specific antibodies, coverage, and performance in a sandwich ELISA. Immunization of sheep, goats, donkeys, and rabbits met all test criteria, whereas the antibodies from chickens cannot be recommended based on the results of this study. Additionally, a mixture of antibodies from the five host species was prepared to assess if coverage and ELISA performance can be improved by a multispecies approach. Comparable results were obtained for the single- and multispecies ELISAs in different in-process samples, indicating no substantial improvement for the latter in ELISA performance while raising ethical and financial concerns.     

Enantioselective lipase-catalyzed ester hydrolysis: Effects on rates and enantioselectivity from a variation of the ester structure

In order to make a preliminary study of substituent effects on the rate and enantioselectivity obtained in esterolytic reactions catalyzed by a lipase from Candida rugosa, a series of racemic esters, derived from some α-alkyl and α-halo phenylacetic acids, were prepared. The reactions were studied at pH 6.0 and 50°C under which conditions uncatalyzed hydrolysis was relatively slow. Reaction samples were studied at different points of time by means of analytical chiral reversed-phase liquid chromatography, which permitted the simultaneous determination of product enantiomeric excess and of the degree of total ester hydrolysis. These data were then used to calculate initial rates as well as enantioselectivity. An increase of the steric bulk of the α-substituent was found to highly decrease the rate of the reaction. On the other hand, rates were higher for the p-nitrophenyl esters than for the corresponding 2-chloroethyl esters. Consistently, the enantioselectivity was found to be higher for the latter type of ester. The esters of the α-halo (bromo and chloro) phenylacetic acids gave mandelic acid as the final product. This was caused by a rapid solvolysis of the α-halo phenylacetic acid initially formed. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Seasonal changes in photosystem II organisation and pigment composition in Pinus sylvestris

Conifers of the boreal zone encounter considerable combined stress of low temperature and high light during winter, when photosynthetic consumption of excitation energy is blocked. In the evergreen Pinus sylvestris L. these stresses coincided with major seasonal changes in photosystem II (PSII) organisation and pigment composition. The earliest changes occurred in September, before any freezing stress, with initial losses of chlorophyll, the D1-protein of the PSII reaction centre and of PSII light-harvesting-complex (LHC II) proteins. In October there was a transient increase in F₀, resulting from detachment of the light-harvesting antennae as reaction centres lost D1. The D1-protein content eventually decreased to 90%, reaching a minimum by December, but PSII photochemical efficiency [variable fluorescence (F_v)/maximum fluorescence (F_m)] did not reach the winter minimum until mid-February. The carotenoid composition varied seasonally with a twofold increase in lutein and the carotenoids of the xanthophyll cycle during winter, while the epoxidation state of the xanthophylls decreased from 0.9 to 0.1 from October to January. The loss of chlorophyll was complete by October and during winter much of the remaining chlorophyll was reorganised in aggregates of specific polypeptide composition, which apparently efficiently quench excitation energy through non-radiative dissipation. The timing of the autumn and winter changes indicated that xanthophyll de-epoxidation correlates with winter quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence while the drop in photochemical efficiency relates more to loss of D1-protein. In April and May recovery of the photochemistry of PSII, protein synthesis, pigment rearrangements and zeaxanthin epoxidation occurred concomitantly. Indoor recovery of photosynthesis in winter-stressed branches under favourable conditions was completed within 3 d, with rapid increases in F₀, the epoxidation state of the xanthophylls and in light-harvesting polypeptides, followed by recovery of D1-protein content and F_v/F_m, all without net increase in chlorophyll. The fall and winter reorganisation allow Pinus sylvestris to maintain a large stock of chlorophyll in a quenched, photoprotected state, allowing rapid recovery of photosynthesis in spring.Abbreviations Elips early light-induced proteins - EPS epoxidation state - F₀ instantaneous fluorescence - F_m maximum fluorescence - F_v variable fluorescence - LHC II light-harvesting complex of PSII - LiDS lithium dodecyl sulfate This research was supported by the Swedish Natural Science Research Council. We wish to thank Dr. Adrian Clarke¹ (Department of Plant Physiology, University of Umeå, Sweden) for advice on electrophoresis, valuable discussion and providing antibodies. Dr. Stefan Jansson¹ and Dr. Torill Hundal (Department for Biochemistry, University of Stockholm, Sweden) provided antibodies. Jan Karlsson¹ helped with the HPLC, Dr. Marianna Krol gave advice on green gels and Dr. Vaughan Hurry (Cooperative Research Centre for Plant Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia) provided valuable discussion.     

Spatial distribution and temporal variability of some aquatic insects in the Franco-Geneva River,Allondon

The Allodon River, a tributary of the Rhône, has suffered considerably from the recent expansion of human activities in the Geneva region. This study documents changes in its benthic fauna by comparing species richness before and after 1986 and by considering the possibilities of recolonization by drift.

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Résumé L'Allondon, affluent du Rhône, est une rivière qui a considérablemen t souffert d'une expansion récente des activités humaines dans la région genevoise. Cette étude met en lumière l'évolution de certains éléments de la faune benthique en comparant les richesses specifiques avant et après 1986, année critique pour la macrofaune benthique du bassin genevois. Elle met en évidence les possibilités de recolonisation par dérive de certains recours de l'Allondon à partir d'affluents moins perturbés.